The Process When Making an Act of Parliament

The Process When Making an Act of Parliament Making law is one of the core functions of Parliament. Laws begin as bills and must progress through a number of set stages in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Only Parliament can make new laws, or change existing ones, that affect the whole of the UK and so proposals are brought to Parliament by the Government and by individual Members of Parliament . These are called ‘Bills’. There are 3 different types of Bills, these are Public Members’ Bills, Private Members’ Bills and Hybrid Members’ Bills.Most Public Bills are introduced into Parliament involve public policies which will either effect the whole country or a large section of it, these Bills are known as Public Bills, for example, the Legal Services Act 2007. Public Bills change the law which applies to the population and are the most common type of Bill in Parliament Government Bills, and those put forward by MP’s or Lords, al so known as Private Members’ Bills. A Private Bill is a Bill designed to pass a law which will only affect individual people.A Private Bill does not make law for the whole country. However, a Private Members Bill is a Bill which is introduced by an indivual Member of Parliament. Very little Private Member Bills become laws, but there have been some important laws passed, for example the Abortion Act 1967 and the Household Waste Recycling Act 2003. MPs and Lords can introduce as many bills as they want, but most of them will have little chance of becoming laws. A ballot is present at the start of each parliamentary session.Sometimes an MP will use the Ten Minute Rule to make a short speech on the advantages of a bill they want to introduce, which is often a way of drawing attention to an issue rather than saying the advantages of their chosen bill. Bills can be introduced to either the Commons or the Lords first, every Public Bill has to be passed through stages in both Houses until it can become a law. The first stage is the bill’s official introduction to the House. It is made up of the short title of the bill being read out by the Clerk in the chamber.Then, then bill is given a date for the second stage, which is the second reading and an order made for it to be officially printed, making it available to all Members and the public. The second reading is when the main purpose of a bill is discussed and voted on. This is the first opportunity for MPs or Lords to say their concerns on areas where they think changes are needed. If the bill passes this stage, it moves on to the committee stage. The committee stage is where a detailed examination is said. It usually starts within a couple of weeks after the bill’s second reading.A Public Bill Committee is appointed which is usually able to take evidence from experts from outside Parliament. Changes for discussion are selected by the chairman of the committee and only members of the committee c an vote on the changes. This is when it is agreed on, changed or removed from the bill. A small amount of bills are dealt with by a Committee of the Whole House which takes place in the main chamber, where every MP is able to take part. The Lords Committee stage usually takes place in the main chamber and there is no time limit on discussion of amendments.The report stage is when a bill is returned to the House after the committee stage, this is where the whole House reviews the amended form of the bill. The third reading is the final opportunity for each House to debate and to vote on the bill as a whole. Debate on the bill is usually short, where changes can’t be made at the third party reading. The third party reading is the final vote on the Bill as a whole. There is a further debate on the Bill if six or more MP’s request it. If this happens, the Bill passes to another House where it will have to go through the same stages again.The power of the Supreme Court is l imited. When the Supreme Court makes changes to the Bill, the changes will be considered by the House of Commons before the Bill goes to its final stage. If the Supreme Court refuses to pass a Bill, the House of Commons can introduce the same Bill in the next Parliamentary session, if it is passed by the House of Commons for a second time it can then receive the Royal Assent and become a law without the agreement of the Supreme Court. The Royal Assets is a monarch has to approve the Bill and give their agreement for it to become a law.The last time the Royal Asset was refused was in 1707 when Queen Anne refused to agree to the Scottish Militia Bill. The doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty means that any statute passed by the Parliament can’t be challenge. It is associated with Dicey, who defines sovereignty as the right to make any law and the principle that there is no competing legislative body of Parliament. Parliament does not have time to debate every small detail of c omplex regulations. Making regulations through delegated legislation saves Parliamentary time.Society has become very technical, this makes it impossible that members of the Parliament cold have all the knowledge needed to control technology, ensuring environment safety, dealing with different industrial problems or operating complex taxation schemes. Delegated legislation allows the Government to make changes to a law without needing to push through a completely new Act of Parliament. Consultation is important for rules with technical things, where it is necessary to make sure that the regulations technically work.The process of passing an Act of Parliament can take time and in an emergency Parliament may not be able to pass law quick enough. However, Orders in Council can be made very quickly. Delegated legislation can be revoked easily when necessary so that the law can be kept up to date. This can be useful when monetary limits have to change each year, for example the minimum w age or the limits for legal aid. The main criticism is that delegated legislation takes law making away from the House of Commons and allows non-elected people to make law.This criticism can’t be made of laws made by the local authorities since there are elected bodies and accountable to the local citizens. Another problem is sub-delegation, this means that the law making authority is handed down another level. The large amount of delegated legislation is also a disadvantage as it makes it difficult to discover what the present law is. The delegated legislation shares with the Acts of Parliament the same problem that can cause difficulty in understanding the law. The UK joined the European Union on 1st January 1973.European law is mainly concerned with trade and work, but this affects areas of law, such as agriculture, company law, consumer rights, employment rights and environmental law. Since the UK joined the European Union, the highest court in our legal system is the Eur opean Court of Justice. The European Union law is made by the European Court of Justice is binding on all courts in England and Wales. The European Union doesn’t affect all area of our law, such as our criminal law, for this law the highest court is the Supreme Court. Parliament is seen as being the supreme law maker for England and Wales.The UK entering the European Union has affects Parliament’s supremacy, as the European laws take priority over any national law. This was decided even before the UK joined the European Union in the Dutvh case of Van Gend en Loos in 1963. Parliament can still be said to be supreme, since it is only through Parliament passing the European Committee’s Act 1972 that European law has effect in the UK. The Human Rights Act 1998 joined the European Convention on Human Rights in British law. This means that anyone taking a court case in the UK can rely on the rights given in the Convention as part of their case.The Act makes it impossi ble for a public authority to act in a way that is incompatible with a Convection right. Public authority is anyone who has some public function, this does not include Parliament. The right to life is the most fundamental of human rights. This is everyone’s right to life and is protected by the law, if this is breached then there is a breach of the Convection, this was seen in the case of McCann v United Kingdom in 1995. The aim of the Human Rights Act 1998 is to give  further effect to rights and freedoms under the European convention on human rights.

Assignment on Horlicks

ASSIGNMENT-2 SUB: Pick up a Branded product & explain the Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning of the Product HORLICKS – AN INTRODUCTION Horlicks is a name of the company and of a malted milk hot drink. It is manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline in the United Kingdom, South Africa, New Zealand, Bangladesh, Pakisthan, India and Jamaica. Horlicks came to India with British army. British army gave them as a Diet Supplement in the time of World War 1 and then took this as a family drink. It became a sort of status symbol of upper class Indians and middle classes.In recent years, there has been an increase in the scope of the brand in India. Horlicks has become an umbrella brand for a wide variety of products. Now Horlicks is a leading health drink of India for all aged groups. SEGMENTATION & TARGETING Horlicks introduced a wide varieties of product to india. Horlicks meant everything to everybody. It was a health drink that every one consumed. Right from small children to very elderly people Horlicks realized this and came out with its new versions of different horlicks to different customers.Horlicks differentiated the product as follows; Horlicks Junior It is for Pre-school children. Keeping the targeted customers in mind the packaging is cute and package has a picture of a small elephant which is very exciting for small children’s Horlicks Regular It is for General use. Regular Horlicks is a health drink of people of all ages. The packaging is contemporary and has great visuals to attract children and the young adults. Horlicks Mothers It is special nutritional drink with 26 vital nutrients designed keeping the specific needs of the pregnant and breast feeding women.The packaging is very interesting. It is shaped like an hour’s glass Horlicks Lite and Lite bite A nutritional drink and snack specially designed for all health conscious adults and is also suitable for use by people with diabetes. The packaging again is interesting. The horlicks lite is thin and tall. The Horlicks proves that segmentation could very efficient way of holding on and even increasing one’s market share. What is needed is clear focus and clever innovations in adapting product and changing the needs of customers. POSITIONING & RE-POSITIONINGIt was initially introduced both a substitute & an additive to milk and it was initially positioned itself as â€Å"as food for convalescing†& a nutrient supplement for kids only. Re-Positioning From a boring nutritional drink, GSK positioned Horlicks as â€Å"Pleasurable Nourishment† by launching it in vanilla, chocolate and honey variants. It introduced other variants like-Jr. Horlicks, Women’s Horlicks, Mother Horlicks& Horlicks Lite to reposition itself from the children segment to other segment for consumption. Marketing Mix (4 p’s) for Horlicks Product:Horlicks is a widely regarded and highly respected 130-year-old brand. GSK has four brands in the health food drinks segmen t. Apart from Horlicks, which contributes Rs 600 crores in revenue to the consumer healthcare division, it has Boost, Maltova and Viva – the last three are much smaller brands than Horlicks. Faced with stagnating sales in the health food drinks segment, the company has chalked out an aggressive brand push strategy and a revamp for its flagship brand, Horlicks. The relaunch aims to focus on children as Horlicks was previously considered as a nourishment drink for old people.The company expects Horlicks contribution to the total turnover to be around Rs 800 crore which amounts to a major chunk of the company’s turnover. Horlicks is a nourishing malted food drink which combines the wholesome goodness of malted barley, wheat and dairy ingredients. A For more nourishment, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare India Ltd (GSKCH) has relaunched its flagship brand Horlicks. A to enable consumers choose different flavours, Horlicks is now available in Regular, Chocolate, Creamy Va nilla and Honey Buzz varieties in a new package.A Horlicks drinks provide the following essential nutrients: A Proteins, Carbohydrate, Fat, Vitamin A, Niacin, Vitamin B1, VitaminB12, Vitamin E, Vitamin B6, and Iron & Calcium Price: HORLICKS Flavors (Rs) ElaichiChocolateHoney BuzzVanilla Weight (gm)JarRefill PackJarRefill PackJarJar 20057-57— 500108103108103108108 1000199189—- HORLICKS JUNIOR Weight (gm)JarRefill Pack 20058- 500114105 Target market: Earlier Horlicks believed, white drinks are for the entire family in contrast to the browns, whose prime target audience is children.This is probably because whites–whose growth rate is faster than the browns–have the added advantage of being perceived as food which enhances the healthy image of those who are recovering. But gradually they realized that they have to focus on one segment of market that is children. Horlicks is now positioned as a pleasurable nourishment drink aimed at children between the age gr oup of 8 -14. Nowadays children have tremendous influence on the things purchased for the family and therefore we want children to prefer Horlicks as a pleasurable nourishment drink.While all the action will be in the general Horlicks segment, the focus of Junior Horlicks (target segment: kids between one and three) will continue to remain the same. Promotion: The company has earmarked around Rs 10 crores for brand promotion throughout 2003, and 70% of this will be spent in next six months. Sixty-five per cent of the ad-spend (around Rs 10 crores) will be for the visual medium and the balance for the print and others. Apart from the high-decibel media campaign, the company also plans to conduct an inter-school competition called Activity 2003 in which around 1. million students are expected to take part. Unlike its other drink (the Rs 170-crore Boost, promoted by Sachin Tendulkar); the new Horlicks does not have a brand ambassador. While all the action will be in the general Horlick s segment, the focus of Junior Horlicks (target segment: kids between one and three) will continue to remain the same. The brand will continue to talk to the mother since the purchase decision rests with her. Place: It has a strong marketing network in India comprising over 1800 wholesalers and direct coverage of over 4,00,000 retail outlets.Horlicks sales have been strong in the south and eastern markets which contributes about 46 per cent and 47 per cent of the total sales. Milk-deficient South and East preferred white liquid powders (Horlicks, Viva, and Complan) as the drink could be prepared with hot water. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH †¢It is current No: 1 position in the market †¢Variety of product targeting different segments †¢Trusted brand †¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœHealth’ is the central idea for all the products of horlicks †¢All the products of Horlicks belong to different categories which will not kill the market of its own product. WEAKNESS Customer perceived v alue of Women’s Horlicks †¢Price of Women’s Horlicks †¢Packaging of Women Horlicks Opportunities †¢Making Nutribar individual brand without the endorsement of Horlicks †¢Creating functional food category with the help of Nutribar (functional foods are those Health foods like energy drinks, cereals and cereal bars which contain health promote ingredients. ) †¢The market for functional foods in India is estimated to be around Rs 1700 crores and is growing very fast. THREAT †¢Cheaper version of Horlicks that is ASHA may damage the brand. CONCLUSION As far as I am concerned

Alternatives on Making Better Homes

Turbular Skylight Skylight is a solution for buildings that may be exposed to sunlight, with no openings on the sides and back. However, the skylights used at home are slightly different than usual. The skylight is in the center of the building and extends from the front to the back. Under the skylight there is a blank area to separate the left and right of the building mass. As you enter the house, skylights will draw attention sooner especially during the day. Did you know that there are other ways to deic or ice off lanes and sidewalks that you find or create at home? It is more convenient and economical than buying rock salt at a shop. Some are environmentally friendly. Please look at your cabinet this winter and use your own homemade cryoprotectant to slide the ice. You can sprinkle a thin layer of cold salt, not cold salt. The chemical reaction between salt and water generates heat, which lowers the freezing point of water in the snow. Since it may harm grass and plants in the spring, be careful when using large amounts of salt. A safer alternative is Epsom salt, but it is time consuming and more expensive If you can manage it, leaving your car at home will bring a lot of financial and environmental awareness. There are nine ways to move a short distance here - shops, friends, beaches, others etc. (Alternatives to commuting are themselves topics and we will promote it on a different day.) Walking speed is surprisingly fast. If you are walking: You will never be trapped behind a parking city bus, you do not need to worry about stopping your car at stop-and-go traffic. A dorm There are two basic principles to keep in mind when creating alternatives. First of all, the choice you make will never be better than the best choice you have to choose Secondly, you can not choose an alternative that you are not thinking about. When you consider deciding, you want to say that you have created an innovative list of alternatives. Think outside the box and repeat severa l original alternatives to better choices. There are too many bad alternatives in your list that are far better than not having enough substitutes. At the end of the day, it is much easier to make a good decision if you want to make a decision between several good choices.

Tesco's failure in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tesco's failure in America - Essay Example Reasons for the Failure Market Positioning Positioning may be defined as the process of creating an image in the minds of the target market for the brand (Ferrell, O. et al., 2000). This positioning can be functional, symbolic or experiential. Functional positioning tries to solve problems and provides benefits to the customers (e.g. - Wall mart’s everyday low prices); symbolic positioning creates affective fulfilment (e.g. - Apple’s products give an ego boost to owners) and experiential positioning provides both rational and emotional fulfilment (Lao, 2013). TESCO entered USA through Fast and Easy (F&E) stores. The F&E stores were positioned between the discount supermarkets and the upscale organic stores. F&E stores were labelled as stores which will provide ‘healthy’ food at low prices. Thus TESCO tried to position itself between Wal-Mart and Trader Joe’s (Sonne & Evans, 2012). The positioning of F&E was neither functional nor symbolic. Wal-Mart succeeds due to its promise of everyday low prices whereas Trader Joe’s provides snob value to the rich and entices them to be different and buy organic food. Trader Joe is clearly positioning it’s product for the rich and Wal-Mart for the mass market. TESCO’s positioning was not enticing to either of the 2 segments. There was no market which wanted health organic food products at low prices in USA. Only 3 % of American population follows the healthy lifestyle unlike in UK and Europe where this trend is the norm (Sonne & Evans, 2012). ... Trader Joe is clearly positioning it’s product for the rich and Wal-Mart for the mass market. TESCO’s positioning was not enticing to either of the 2 segments. There was no market which wanted health organic food products at low prices in USA. Only 3 % of American population follows the healthy lifestyle unlike in UK and Europe where this trend is the norm (Sonne & Evans, 2012). Thus positioning itself as a store with a healthy image in a nation which loves fast food and soda was the biggest mistake committed by TESCO. This was one of the main reasons for their failure in USA. Customer Relationship TESCO had a troubled relationship with USA customers. This was because it ignored the cultural differences between USA and UK.TESCO looked more like a coloniser who stuck on to its customs and culture rather than adopt the culture of the new country. Some of the mistakes leading to a troubled customer relationship were – Low Brand Recognition USA unlike Europe is obses sed with brands. Americans are willing to spend more money if they consider the brand good and worthwhile (Piercy, 2012). Fresh & Easy was an unknown brand to them. The name TESCO was not associated with F&E stores in any way. TESCO focused its money and resources in opening more stores rather than advertisements on brand building. The Fresh & Easy stores were also highly dependent on private labels in a market which likes to see and buy branded products. This was a big mistake in a country which likes to buy branded products. Lack of Service In order to keep the costs low, F&E stores had adopted the self check out system. The staffs in F & E stores were also kept

Convincing that the same sex adoption morally wrong Essay

Convincing that the same sex adoption morally wrong - Essay Example I shall present both sides of the issue using information from various credible sources, including my opinion on the matter as well towards the end of this paper. In order to understand the morally and socially acceptable reasons against same sex adoptions, I wish to first present the arguments that are normally presented by same sex couples in support of their cause. These are arguments that, although seemingly acceptable, places the child in question in the center of a psychologically traumatic experience that could carry life long consequences for the child if not dealt with in a proper manner. The first argument that is often presented in support of same sex adoption is that the traditional family unit as we know it is based upon a shaky foundation that often times end up in divorce and a traumatic existence for the child. It is their belief that there is no difference in raising a child in the same sex household because they can provide a more stable household for the child base d upon a mutual love and respect for the family unit that seems to now be sorely lacking among the traditional couples (â€Å"Pros and Cons of Gay Adoption†). Same sex couples claim that the high rate of divorce among the heterosexual couples makes them a bad example for the children who are traumatized by what could often times turn out to be messy divorces that put the child in the middle of an ugly custody battle. Their second argument is that advances in medical science have allowed them to conceive children artificially. Therefore, it is their right to have children born of their own flesh and blood, even if they were the result of a surrogate mother or the sperm of a man unknown to the child's mothers. What is important is that the child is a living part of their own DNA strain. Therefore, not allowing them to adopt a child who badly needs the love and care of strangers willing to give him or her a better life would be robbing the child of the right to live with all the good chances that the â€Å"modern family† can afford him (â€Å"Pros and Cons of Gay Adoption†). After all, there is one thing of the utmost importance in any adoption proceeding and that is what will be in the best interests of the child. They believe, that they can best represent that interest as the normal families seem to have a hard time providing such for their children and adopted children. In accordance with this belief, the International Adoption Database has even mentioned that the sexual orientation of a parent should not be considered when setting up a child for adoption. The organization believes that; â€Å"Good parenting is not influenced by sexual orientation. Rather, it is influenced most profoundly by a parent's ability to create a loving and nurturing home -- an ability that does not depend on whether a parent is gay or straight.† (Marquardt, Maddie â€Å"Who Sets Standards of a Suitable Parent?†). They also argue that preventing them from adopting children can be taken as an act of sexual discrimination, an act which is prohibited under the laws of the United States. They also make important note of the fact that there is a shortage of qualified adoptive heterosexual parents these days.

Ku Klux Klan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ku Klux Klan - Research Paper Example The original name of the club was from the Greek word Kuklos meaning ‘for circle and cycle are formed’. The confederates later modified the word to Kuklux adding the word clan at the end since all the founders were of Scottish descent. Kuklux Clan became the name of the organization, later it was divided into three words and a ‘K’ used for each word. The name therefore changed to Ku Klux Klan. There are other suggestions about the origin of the name. Romine states that members of the Klan could have become familiar with the mythology of the ‘God of Light’ who was called Cukulcan since many volunteer troops went to the Mexican War from Tennessee and members of the early Klan sometimes called themselves the sons of light(Quarles 32). Another story told that the name did not come from a Greek word meaning circle but from the two phased cocking sound of a shotgun. Many different stories have been told and written creating mystery about the organizat ion which later came to be known as the ‘Invisible Empire’. The six former confederate members met in the law office of Judge Thomas M. Jones located eighty miles south of Nashville in Pulaski, south central Tennessee. One of the town’s prewar buildings has a plaque marking the occasion. The Klan is an American institution though it has been exported to other lands by racists. The formation of the club was not a major historical event; the group was informally constituted during the first meeting. Directing and planning of the Klan activities began later as further meetings developed goals and objectives, leadership titles were chosen and organizational rules instituted (Quarles 30). All evidence supports the fact that the founding of the Klan was innocent with no ulterior motive or effect. Many scholars also believe that the beginning was innocent; this is because of the tricks that the early Klansmen performed. The first noted activity of the Klan was that it was a brotherly association. Some members used childish methods of pursuing victims. The original purpose of the young confederate veterans was to scare black adults and cause trouble as an amusing way of passing time in a southern society that was altered and a destroyed economy. Klansmen dressed in white sheets and covered their horsemen in the same way. The Ku Klux Klan members believed that racial integration and racial equality of society was a threat and could destroy the white race. The Klan opposed public policies that promote social and political equality for historically disadvantaged groups like the blacks through antidiscrimination laws and affirmative action. Their beliefs were that the nature of mankind is unequal therefore hierarchical. Ku Klux Klan members described themselves as white Protestant Christians. Their primary objection was initially against blacks’ freedom and extension of rights to include blacks. This was after slavery in the United States was brought to an end. In terms of their strength in the political history of th e United States, the Klan has had three specific periods. The first Klan blossomed in the South in

The topic should be related to the field of quarantine Research Paper

The topic should be related to the field of quarantine - Research Paper Example (DeLisle 2004) Measures corresponding to those employed aligned with the plague have been adopted to fight against the illness termed the Great White Plague, i.e. tuberculosis, and in modern times many countries have set up administrator entities for the classification and control of infections. (Rothstein 2004) This paper will demonstrate the state of quarantine in US and worldwide in terms of ethical perspective and legal regulations. Furthermore, the paper will guide us through the history of quarantine and will offer in depth overview on the subject. This paper will talk about U.S. state government conclusions considering components of quarantine and one-by-one privileges, if and when the government can become engaged, and the stress between state government and government. Background Children and mature individuals often trial to assertion that they are ill in alignment to stay dwelling from school or work for a day. Though, when a individual is authentically ill for any time sp an of time, the respite or even delight of residing dwelling rapidly dissipates, rotating into a yearn for normalcy. (Gerson 2005) What occurs when an individual is forbidden from departing dwelling or another location of confinement, even when that individual conceives that he is no longer ill? In the uncommon example of quarantine, the government can force a individual to stay confined even if the individual yearns to leave. (DeLisle 2004) For the reasons of this paper, quarantine is characterized as when the government or a government entity, a board of wellbeing, policeman head, or the National Guard, constrains a individual to a specific geographic position due to that one-by-one having or being revealed to a contagious disease. Discussion Quarantine is a critical assess that is not to be utilized for every freezing or virus, but rather for farthest outbreaks of particularly contagious infections for example tuberculosis or bioterrorism-related attacks of infections for example smallpox or anthrax. (Gerson 2005) Those quarantined are unable to take part commonly in every day life as they will not depart their quarantined position without permission. (Rothstein, Mark, et al 2003) Bioterrorism is neither a new observable fact neither one that is probable to go away in beside future. Historical administration for quarantine arises from the concept that a public wellbeing agreement, under which individuals acquiesce to decline certain privileges and liberties, if essential, to avert an important risk to other persons. (Sapsin, Jason, et al 2004) This agreement is not only between a one-by-one civilian and the government, but furthermore amidst people to each other. Without defense of wellbeing, security and security, persons will not relish numerous of the individual and financial freedoms that we have arrive to take for granted. In alignment to accomplish these goals, humanity should come to a balance between the extremes of entire defense of public wellbein g without any defense of one-by-one privileges and total defense of one-by-one privileges at the total cost of public health. The equitable circulation of advantages and burdens would illustrate a befitting balance of public wellbeing and one-by-one privileges, a mark of an attractive public wellbeing policy. (Gerson 2005) After investigating the U.S. management of quarantine, Canada's

Effects of television on children under the age of two Essay

Effects of television on children under the age of two - Essay Example At four years of age children switch to adult programming and by the time these youngsters enter kindergarten, the effects of routine and unconfirmed viewing are said to lead to decreased thoughts and attention spans, tetchiness and restlessness, low academic achievement, aggressive behaviors derivative of popular TV programs, and so forth (Mutz, D. C., Roberts, D. F., and van Vuuren, D. P. 1993). Even the youngest children in America are growing up immersed in media, spending hours' whole day watching TV and videos, using computers and playing video games, according to a new study released today by the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Children's six and under spend an average of two hours a day using screen media (1:58), about the same amount of time they spend playing outside (2:01), and well over the amount they spend reading or being read to (39 minutes). New interactive digital media have become an integral part of children's lives. Nearly half (48%) of children six and under have used a computer (31% of 0-3 year-olds and 70% of 4-6 year-olds). Just under a third (30%) have played video games (14% of 0-3 year-olds and 50% of 4-6 year-olds). Even the youngest children -- those under two -- are widely exposed to electronic media. Forty-three percent of those under two watches TV every day, and 26% have a TV in their bedroom (the American Academy of Pediatrics "urges parents to avoid television for children under 2 years old"). In any given day, two-thirds (68%) of children under two will use a screen media, for an average of just over two hours (2:05). (PR Newswire; 10/28/2003) The revealed results of studies of the past two decades, then, have alerted parents and educators to such pessimistic effects of TV. More lately, however, researchers have examined the proportional effects of both unmediated and mediated viewing. Numerous now argue that mediated viewing that is, viewing which entails parental or instructional intervention counter acts the actually negative effects of unmediated viewing. Jane Bowyer and Mami Komaya presented theoretical importance of mediated viewing that is in the reference to the work of Vygotsky (1978) and Rogoff (1990). Vygotsky's "zone of proximal development" is explained as the gap between a child's "actual level as determined by independent problem solving" and the higher level of "potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers" (Vygotsky, p. 86). According to Jane Bowyer and Mami Komaya in this framework, mediated viewing of television viewing creates a social milieu in which the parent guides the child through the zone of proximal development to solve the problem of understanding television contents. Active mediation also is an example of what Rogoff (1990) calls "apprenticeship," whereby "active novices advance their skills and understanding through participation with more skilled partners in culturally organized activities" (Rogoff, p. 39). In her view, the pare nt is an expert who

Museum Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Museum Marketing - Assignment Example The primary role here is to correlate people and material things, so that the museum becomes an important site for the development of new forms of experience, memory and knowledge. As a transport museum, Coventry boasts of the largest arrays in its display of road transport mediums, cars, commercial vehicles and buses, apart from motorbikes and cycles. Through its plethora of galleries like the Introductory Gallery, Landmarques and Boomtime Boomtwon, among many others, this museum has the scope to tap markets other than automobile lovers. This can be done by adopting a certain level of media culture and displaying its millions of archive and ephemera objects in a way that appeal to the sensibilities of even the most average person by showcasing trends like now and ten as well as others like tours that involve no instructions. Set in the place where British automobile and transport was born, this museum displays collectibles that are mostly from a personal collection or gifts apart from the purchased items. (www.transport-museum.com) Having traced the journey from denial to discovery (Rentschler, 2002), museum marketing depends largely on presenting facts in a way that grab interest and offer experiences that most cultural industry based organizations would term as marketing orientation. With a new emphasis on skills and market presence, there is now a concerted effort towards driving resources to create museum visibility in the most unusual places. In thus regard, marketing activities concerning a museum seek to promote a ceratin sense of intrinsic values that will offer motivation to the most unlikely individuals as far as transport and automobiles are concerned, and turn them into visitors. This paper will study the methodology which can be adopted to increase the audience base and market the museum effectively. Coventry has a 303, 475 strong population (www.wikipedia.com) Apart from this, it is strategically situated between the Midlands and Birmingham with a proximity to London. Considering the fact that the Coventry has a large influence from the Midlands, owing to the fact that this is where Britain's tryst with transport really began, it is imperative for the museum's marketing managers to identify the niche crowd that subscribes to the concept of ethnicity, as the Midlands have a large variation in their population in terms of Asian and other communities. This has strong implications towards further research to find out the level of visitation to the museum. The museum is also in dire need of a complete refurnishing plan. This is owing to the problem that it does not, in its present form, cater to the sensibilities of emerging lifetsyle profiles as well as interest areas. Since the 1990s, museums including the Coventry, have seen a surge in studies revolving around experience of visitors and motivation. This laid the foundation for audience research (Doering, 1999; Thyne, 2001) as well as visitor learning (McManus, 1993). It was found that will factors like more upmarket ways that contribute to overall segmentation. These may include profiles that make statements about one's lifestyle or other such factors. (Todd and Lawson, 2001). The focus of museums has also come to include the area of multicultural audience studies, in a bid to include visitors from various walks of life. In this case, my

Analysis of Mills Utilitarian Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Mills Utilitarian Theory - Essay Example If all persons yearn for happiness, then morality will be first rated in the society.Of essence, Mill brings out the view that utilitarianism is based on happiness, and happiness comes from justice and existence of rights in the society. In summary, Mill argues that though controversies on wrong or right overtake the theory, especially in terms of morality, the theory hold a lot of significance. A discovery of the basics of wrong and right would create a situation whereby they would be applied with a lot of ease. The ends of the actions by persons also determine what is good and what is wrong. Drawing a line between wrong and right creates a society which has some sense, since all actions are directed towards the good of the society. Of essence, Mill’s utilitarian theory is out to bring systems into place that will allow the society function not only in a just manner, but also in the fairness that it deserves. If these rules and foundations are adhered to, it is possible that the society function in an orderly manner. The views brought forward by Mill can be justified, as he bases foundations of morals throughout the work. This interprets that all actions, according to Arthur, must be analyzed in terms of their good and evil. This means the moral nature of actions determine reasoning of right or wrong. Culture and stability of the society has also been analyzed. Mill is of the opinion that morality is special in the society since it shapes the actions portrayed by individuals. This has been termed as the concept of utility

Often Imitated Never Duplicated Essay Example for Free

Often Imitated Never Duplicated Essay Never Duplicated Michael Jackson brought a new style to the music scene, changing everything from fashion, videos and dance, which started around the making of the Thriller album and several of it’s music video’s. Men, women, boys, girls, black, or white it did not matter; everyone wanted to be a little like Michael Jackson, he crossed over all races and genres of music. It could have been the red military type jacket, the black pants, patent leather shoes, or the white sequin glove that he wore in the Thriller video. Everyone tried to copy Michael Jackson in some shape, form, or fashion, especially trying to do the moonwalk or robot that Michael Jackson perfected. Everyone stood in front of a mirror to see if they could do the Robot or told someone to watch me as they did the moonwalk. Michael Jackson and the Thriller album have influenced many of the pop artists today in their dance and showmanship. Record executive, producer, and singer Antonio Reid stated this in Rolling Stone Magazine. Michael has influenced so many artists, some of whom are picking up on the grandeur and showmanship of his live performances. You can see his influence in his sister Janet, Justin Timberlake, Usher, Britney Spears, and in Jennifer Lopez and Mariah Carey. You can see his influence in the dance moves—the syncopated choreography—that a lot of young artists use. And a lot of them have picked up his work ethic. When you look at Britney Spears production or a Justin Timberlake production, or it you look at an Usher production, you really see that they took a page out of Michael’s book; they went to rehearsal, and they must have worked eight hours a day, because their shows are flawless, as Michael’s shows were flawless (A. Reid). So many artists are motivated and influence by Michael Jackson that a lot of them even imitate him 25 years after the Thriller album. The imitation runs deeper than just song and dance. His vision and perfection set the example for so many more to follow. Michael Jackson still has musicians in the 21ST century aspiring to be a modern version of him. Not everyone will pick up on how much he influences artist today unless they follow Michael Jackson closely or grew up with him and watched the evolution of Michael; he was the Elvis of his generation [early to mid 80’s]. Of all Michael Jackson’s great qualities, dancing is probably the most imitated or at least it’s the most visible imitation of all, unless you just have a good ear for Michael Jackson’s music and remixes. Michael Jackson perfected the Moonwalk that he learned by watching kids and break-dancers perform in the streets. Once Michael Jackson had it perfected it, he debuted the Moonwalk on the Motown 25th Anniversary special, which was on National TV. This made the Moonwalk tremendously popular and notorious worldwide along with the robot that he was famous for. There’s way to many pop artists inspired and influenced my Michael Jackson to cover them all, a few of them are Ginuwine, Justine Timberlake, Sisco, Usher, NSYNC, and Janet Jackson. Justin Timberlake, Usher, Chris Brown and Ginuwine are a few of the many that will be used to show how much influence Michael Jackson has had on the pop music of the 21st Century. In an interview with VH1 the VH1 staffer asked Justin Timberlake â€Å"How have your changing musical tastes influenced your solo work? † and Justin answered with â€Å"My inspirations have been the same since I was 12. I love Stevie Wonder†¦Al Green. And of course, Michael Jackson and Prince and Earth Wind Fire, too† (Lerner). Justin Timberlake has been known to dance like Michael Jackson in his concerts and videos, even wearing a fedora like Michael Jackson. Susan Horsburgh of People magazine did an article on Justin Timberlake covering Justin’s solo debut. â€Å"emerging from a gigantic boom box to sing â€Å"like I Love You,† which, with his fedora and moonwalk moves, he performed in the style of his idol, Michael Jackson† (Horsburgh). Just another example of how Michael Jackson has pop artist today trying to be the new King of Pop. Justin Timberlake is not the only artist that is influenced by Michael Jackson. Chris Brown is another popular pop artist that has been influenced by Michael Jackson when it come to his performances and dancing. Chris Brown took Michael Jackson’s style of dancing and added his on spin or flare to it to make it his own. In the Washington Post journalist Allison Stewart says this about Chris Brown, he’s, â€Å"Fond of modified moonwalking and benign, poppy club jams†¦Michael Jackson without the ick† (Stewart). Which tells the reader that Brown is just like Jackson but with out the ick, can’t get any better than that. Chris Brown has taken Michael Jackson’s moves, practiced them, perfected them, and added his own twist to them making it his own. Chris Brown is another pop artist that is known for his dance as much as his music. As we make comparisons you will be surprised by some of the artist and what they’ve done. One that you might not know that was influenced by Michael Jackson is Ginuwine. Popular RB singer Elgin Baylor Lumpkin or better known as Ginuwine was also influenced by Michael Jackson and took emulating Michael Jackson to a whole new level at an early age. â€Å"Lumpkins interest in music was ignited by Prince and Michael Jackson, especially the latter’s legendary moonwalking performance†¦at the mere age of 12, began performing parties†¦later worked as Michael Jackson impressionist†(biography). Ginuwine went on to further his music career using the influence and experiences of Michael Jackson to become a successful RB artist. Of the many, many artist influenced by Michael Jackson, Usher Raymond, has been influenced by Michael Jackson in so many ways, but mostly in his dancing. During the remaking of the 25th anniversary of the â€Å"Thriller Album† Usher said â€Å"That great choreograph and great energy that Michael puts behind it, try to re-create that feeling. I try to take different kinds of dance and apply it in the same way Michael did in â€Å"Thriller’, ‘Beat It’ and ‘Off the Wall. ’† (Reid, Hiatt, and Yago). Which has brought us to where were at today, even with rap artist like Snoop D O double G. That’s the king right there,† Snopp Dogg said about the love Michael still gets. â€Å"Michael Jackson has always been an inspiration to me as far as his music is concerned. You can’t take nothing from Him† (Reid, Hiatt, and Yago). Not that it’s a bad thing; there are worse people to imitate, emulate or just be influenced by. His dance moves have been imitated in just about everyway from music videos to TV ads. The most recent was the commercial during the Super Bowl with the SoBe drink, which had the lizards doing the thriller dance with one of the singers from Destiny’s child. Shaheem Reid a well known MTV and Hollywood writer points how Michael Jackson’s dance has influenced other artist to include female groups, â€Å"There is Michael Jackson’s dance moves from â€Å"Thriller† in Destiny’s Child’s â€Å"Bootylicious video† (Reid, Hiatt, and Yago). Just another example of how Michael Jackson has influenced pop artist both male and female. Why would any artist imitate, emulate or even use Michael Jackson as an Inspiration? Here’s a few statistics that would explain why the Justin Timberlakes, the Ushers, the Chris Brown’s and the Ginuwines would use Michael’s work ethic, music and dance to guide them. Thriller originally spent 37 weeks at No. 1, a total of 80 consecutive weeks in the Top 10. Its also the only album in American history to be the bestselling album for two years. Seven of the albums nine songs hit the Billboard Top 10 with Billie Jean and Beat It both reaching No. 1† (Gamboa). â€Å"The â€Å"Thriller Album has earned 47 million dollars to date, making it the 2nd best album of all times only after the Eagles Greatest Hits album† (RIAA). If you were to imitate an artist why not Michael Jackson, he has been accepted into the Rock and Roll hall of fame twice, as solo artist and for the work in the Jackson Five. He has the largest selling record of all times; selling more than 40 million copies, double diamond in the United States, not platinum, but diamond. His Thriller album was accepted by the United States as a National treasure, not many music artists can say that. Michael Jackson will go down in history as one of the all time greats, putting him with the likes of Jimi Hendrix’s, the Eagles, the Beatles, Elvis and Bob Dylan. It’s now been 25 years since the release of â€Å"Thriller† one of the greatest albums ever. Various pop artists of today like Fergie, Akon, Will I Am, and more will redo the original songs on the 25th anniversary album. After 25 years the spirit of the â€Å"Thriller album† is still alive and artists all want to be a part of such a historical event. The 25th anniversary of the album was released on 11 Feb 2008, with never recorded songs, behind the scene’s look and the remix songs. Most of the artist doing the remixes admit they can’t live up to the standard that Michael Jackson set years ago and continues to do. It’s hard to believe one album could influence the music industry so much, much less 25 years after it’s debut, but â€Å"Thriller† has done just that. If you don’t think Michael Jackson is often imitated and used as a source of influence in the music world you’re in a real case of denial. These examples have shown that many artists since the album â€Å"Thriller† were influenced by Michael Jackson’s performance and dance. Music and dance has been influenced through years and years of artist and will continue to influence the artist of the future. Many people have formed unbiased opinions of Michael Jackson, but if they take his personal life and separate it from his work they would realize the impact on today’s music and dance. He has influenced so many artists to become the successes they are today and will continue to influence the music of tomorrow. His style of dance has been recreated in so many ways from other music artist actually imitating him to taking his style and trying to make it their own. His dancing from the â€Å"Thriller video has been used in other music videos, commercials and in various other media’s. Some have tried, but none have succeeded on a Michael Jackson level.

Gullivers Travels Essay Example for Free

Gullivers Travels Essay Ten days after returning from his previous voyage, Gulliver is confronted by Captain William Robinson to work as his journey to the West Indies. The doubled salary is cause enough for Gulliver to accept the invitation and sets sail two month after the invitation. Upon arriving in Tonquin, Gulliver is appointed Captain of a sloop (a small sailboat with one mast and two sails) and ordered to transport goods; he is shortly captured by pirates. He earns his crews freedom but his attitude lands him on a small boat with limited food. He soon finds a few isles and decides to stay in the cave of a seemingly barren island—except for a few shrub patches. After some keen observation, Gulliver notices something strange obstructing the sunlight and deduces it must be a floating island. He tries to be noticed but the inhabitants seem to give little regard for his shouting. Eventually, the floating mass draws near and from it, descends a seat that Gulliver is instructed to mount. He is then drawn up into the Island. Gulliver is welcome by many people, whom he noticed to be very strange. Their eyes look in different directions and their heads do not sit level upon their heads. In addition, he takes note of their attires, which are covered with â€Å"celestial bodies and musical instruments. † People also have a servant who follows them and carries a â€Å"flapper. † This is essentially a mace, but with a soft sac on the end. The servant’s use it to slap their masters’ mouth or ear with the intent of alerting them that it is their turn to speak or listen while in conversation. After meeting with the King, Gulliver is appointed a language tutor. Shortly after his first lesson, Gulliver notices the island to move over villages, during which, subjects collect monies from the people below. In addition, he learns that the people value mathematics and music above all. (Because of this, their language is primarily based on the sciences stated previously. ) Their skill sets are limited to these two disciplines, as well as astrology. There are also in constant fear of an apocalyptic demise, resulting from an ever incumbent meteor. After a months stay, Gulliver is learned enough to speak to the King. Gulliver is now informed by the Prince, (one of the few free thinking individuals) of the dimensions and working of the Island. He is most intrigued by the motion of the Island and how it manages to stay afloat. It is explained to him that the most experienced astronomers figured that by mounting and manipulating a great magnet in the center of their island, they are able to float and move in any direction at will. However, the island is only able to move over a specific area on earth because of the specific magnetic forces required to maintain their desired altitude. Gulliver also learns how the Island is able to rule over the inhabitants of the land below. This is done mainly through varying degrees of punishments. Essentially, Laputa uses its size and position to, block out the sun, bombard the villagers, or, simply crush the village by means of ‘dropping’ the island. Gulliver then learns of a rebellious village, with capabilities to ‘capture’ the island and kill the King. In order to maintain peace and save himself, the King has granted freedom to these people. From that instance, the King and his family are restricted from leaving the Isle. Gulliver’s boredom leads him to want to leave the Island. He approaches a lord who seems to be genuinely intelligent and curious. (An oddity on Laputa) The lord lacks musical talent and is therefore regarded as unintelligent by the inhabitants. With the help of this lord, Gulliver proceeds in petitioning the King to leave Laputa. The King accepts and proceeds in leaving Gulliver with a friend of Laputa in a place called Balnibarbi. The man whom he is left with goes by the Lord Munodi. He is of high rank and possesses great wealth. The Lord proceeds to take Gulliver around the city of Lagado. It is of great surprise to Gulliver that the city is in shambles, the people are poorly dressed, and the ground is barren. They then proceed to the lord’s estate and it is evident of the stark contrast between the city and the estate. It is well built, well managed, and has fertile vineyards, as well as cornfields, fountains and meadows. The villagers do not have high esteem for this estate and do not strive to exemplify it—rather the opposite. Gulliver is then informed that, after a visit to Laputa by some if the city’s inhabitants, they decided to construct the Academy of Laguda. The sole purpose of this Academy is to develop new agricultural and architectural techniques. The new techniques are very flawed and extremely outlandish and have left the city in its current in its current state. The techniques are supported by so many mindless individual that they allowed for the destruction of the mill. Gulliver is very curious to the details of the projects that the Academy is working, so much so, that he decides to visit. Gulliver is allowed to visit the Academy. He takes careful note of the ongoing projects. First he sees a man attempting to use cucumbers as sun storage devices. He then witnesses a scientist attempting to turn feces into food. Another researcher attempts to turn ice in gunpowder and is fully invested into the idea of the â€Å"malleability of fire. † Gulliver travels throughout the Academy and witnesses many more experiments. There are blind paint mixers who are under the impression that they can smell color. There is even a scientist who is under the impression that his random word generator is capable of writing books on any topic. A linguist is under the impression that speaking is a waste of life and every breath used to speak brings people closer to death. He proposed everyone be mute and simply act out the message they wish to convey. Lastly, Gulliver witnesses a professor attempt to teach mathematics by writing equations onto wafers and feeding them to his students. Part III: Chapter 6 Gulliver is still at the academy and proceeds to visit professors who are dealing with politics and government. They propose that taxation of women be based upon their physical attributes and relative beauty. Other claims that to uncover conspiracies, they should search through the feces of the citizens. They even propose kicking and pinching the politicians to make them ‘less forgetful. ’ After witnessing the propositions and experiments of many, Gulliver concludes that there is nothing here that he could benefit from and wishes to leave. Gulliver wishes to travel to Luggnagg but cannot find a vassal to take him. Not wanting to stay in Lagado any longer, he decided to travel to Glubbdubdrib. He is able to deduce that the Isle is inhabited by people capable of doing magic. Upon his arrival, Gulliver requests an audience with the King—he is granted his wish. Gulliver then witnesses people simply disappearing and reappearing and ghosts serving food. He is initially surprised and startled by these events but becomes accustomed to them. He even goes so far to request the King to appease his personal requests. The King willfully satisfies Gulliver’s requests to speak the dead. He speaks to many prominent historical figures such as: Hannibal, Caesar, Pompey, Brutus, Junius, Socrates, Epaminondas, Cato, and Sir Thomas More. He converses with them and learns that history is not as it seems and that often, it is glorified in order to cover up the embarrassing truth.   Still in the company of the King, Gulliver continues to talk to the reincarnations of prominent historical figures. He observes how Homer and Aristotle carry themselves and even goes as far to point out their mistakes; mistakes that they accept without any aggression toward Gulliver for doing so. He then proceeds to interrogate the more modern rulers and is disappointed to learn that they have not been honest with their subjects as they should have. He also calls upon simple ‘less developed’ English ancestors, whom he finds remarkable large and of good stature. He concludes that the Nobles have diminished the physical strength that the English were once blessed with. Part III: Chapter 9 Gulliver returns to Luggnagg in disguise. He only wished to return to his beloved mother country—the Kingdom of England. His shipmates confess to the officials that a stranger is aboard, resulting in his capture, interrogation and confinement. The King has heard of Gulliver’s adventures and wishes to speak to him. Gulliver is then informed that, all of the Kings visitors are required to lick the floor as they enter the Kings room. Because Gulliver was a guest, the floor was cleaned very well, but on occasion, it is sprinkled with poison to kill the Kings enemies. Because of his vast knowledge of foreign places, the King grows to favor Gulliver and treats him very well. Gulliver is ‘invited’ to stay for an additional three months—he is obedient.   While in the company of the Luggnaggs’, Gulliver is told of an immortal people. These people are marked by a spot on their forehead and are called the Struldbrugs. Gulliver fantasizes how he would live his life if he were immortal. He concludes that he would study all arts and sciences and learn to acquire riches. Gulliver ponders the topic even further and postulates that he would ‘reasonably expect’ to be the â€Å"wealthiest man in the kingdom. † After being exposed to these individuals, he learns that they live forever, but are not young forever. This is a tragic flaw and the government actually considers them dead after the age of eighty. He also learns that they grow to be saddened and to live a life with neither joy, nor love. All of their marriages eventually become dissolved and they despise all mortals, most likely out of envy. As he learned of these people and about their true state, Gulliver regretted wishing that he could be immortal. Part III: Chapter 11 After spending ample time in Luggnagg, Gulliver is eventually allowed to leave. He is finally able to find a vassal to take him to Japan, with hopes of continuing on to England. Upon arrival, Gulliver had again; found himself in an uncomfortable situation. He eventually finds a Dutch ship travelling to England. The captain agrees to take him, as long as Gulliver provides works as a surgeon for half the usual rate. By blending in as a Dutchman, Gulliver is able to satisfy the Emperors requirements. He is then excused from the ritual stomping of the cross. They are now free and continue to Amsterdam, from where Gulliver is able to find passage to England. Upon arrival he goes immediately home to his healthy family.

Methods For Determination Of Heavy Metals Biology Essay

Methods For Determination Of Heavy Metals Biology Essay There are various analysis methods applied by researchers to determine the heavy metal contents of a particular sample. Of the various analytical methods used, atomic absorption spectroscopic methods are the most commonly used methods to determine the amount of heavy metals present in a particular sample. Preconcentration and separation methods have been routinely used to eliminate matrix effects and cope with low metal levels. Different preconcentration technique for heavy metals such as cloud point extraction, solid phase extraction and acid preconcentration were performed by researchers before the samples being analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. 2.1.1 Determination of heavy metals by using cloud point extraction before flame atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis Chan and Teo (2001) used cloud point extraction (CPE) for the simultaneous pre-concentration of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc after the formation of a complex with 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) before the sample undergoing analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) using octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-114) as surfactant. Cloud point extraction is a separation and preconcentration procedure that has been extensively applied for trace metal determination in several different matrices. It is simple, rapid, high extraction efficiency and environmentally friendly. Its major advantages are simple experimental procedures, low cost, high preconcentration factors, and environmental safety. Cloud-point extraction is the preconcentration of target metal ion using surfactants such as non-ionic and anionic surfactants. Under the optimum conditions, the aqueous surfactant solution becomes clouding and separating into two phases which are aqueous and surfactant-rich pha ses. The interested analytes are extracted and concentrated into surfactant-rich phase. The surfactant rich phase with interested analytes is analysed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (F-AAS). The water samples tested in this experiment are tap water, river water, sea water and a standard reference material (SRM). The chemical variables affecting the separation phase and the viscosity affecting the detection process including 50mL of sample, temperature of 40à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C, pH of 8.6, 2ÃÆ'-10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢5 mol là ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 of TAN complexing agent, 0.05% non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 were optimized. Table 1: Limit of Detection and Sensitivity of F-AAS analysis for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in Water Samples (n=10). (Chen and Teo, 2001) Table 1 gives the calibration parameters, the relative standard deviation obtained for 10 analyte samples subjected to the complete procedure and the detection limits. In this case, linear relationships between the absorbance measured and the concentration of metal prepared for the calibration solution were obtained. The sensitivity of F-AAS for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn analysis are 0.9982, 0.9987, 0.9995 and 0.9992 respectively. In addition, pre-concentration of 50 ml of sample in the presence of 0.05% Triton X-114 showed the detection of 0.099, 0.27, 1.1 and 0.095 ng mLà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 for cadmium, copper, lead and zinc, respectively. Table 2: Recovery analysis of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in water samples by F-AAS (n=3) (Chen and Teo, 2001) Table 2 shows the recovery percentage of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in tap water, river water and sea water by F-AAS. Recovery experiments for different amounts of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were carried out. The overall recovery percentages in this experiment for the four heavy metal elements were in the range of 98 % to 104 %. 2.1.2 Determination of trace elements in waters after preconcentration with 2-nitroso-1-naphthol Gentscheva et al. (2012) determined heavy metals using F-AAS after pre- concentrating the water samples with 2-nitroso-1 naphthol. 2-nitroso-1-napthol is a chelating agent that has been used for precentration of cobalt as well as for the preconcentration of cobalt as well as for the solid phase extraction of Th, Ti, Fe, Pb and Cr from waters. The purpose of this experiment was to study the possibilities for preconcentration of trace amounts of Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, and Pd using 2-nitroso-1-naphthol with analysis of F-AAS. The method developed was tested for reliability using a reference material which was SPS-WW2, Batch no.108, Spectrapure Standards AS (Oslo, Norway) and this method was applied to the determination of traces of these elements in capture water and waste water. A comparison between ethanol and 1- ethanolic solution of 2-nitroso-1-naphthol was done by plotting calibration curves. It was found that 2-nitroso-1-naphthol suppressed the absorbance of the interested trace elements ideally. Figure 1: Effect of sample volume on the recovery of Ni, Co, Cu, Cd and Pd with 2- nitroso-1-naphthol. (Gentscheva et al., 2012) Figure 1 showed the effect of sample volume on the recovery of trace elements in the range from 20 to 250 ml. As can be seen, the maximum sample volume allowing a better quantitative recovery of the analytes which was more than 95% was 160ml. At higher sample volumes the recovery gradually decreases. 11ml of optimum volume for 1% ethanolic 2-nitroso-1-naphthol was also determined. Figure 2: Effect of time of complexation on the recovery of Ni, Co, Cu, Cd and Pb with 2-nitroso-1-naphthol (Gentscheva et al., 2012) Figure 2 showed the effect of time of complexation on the preconcentration of trace elements in experiment. The effect of time of complexation was studied in the range of 15 to 60 minutes. The optimum time of complexation obtained was 40 minutes. Longer complexation time did not bring any effect on the recovery of the trace elements. Table 3: Determination of Cu, Co, Ni, Cd and Pd in capture water from the region of an old copper mine (Bov, Bulgaria) and waste water from the copper plantAssarel, Bulgaria Table 3 shows the concentration of interested trace elements obtained from F-AAS analysis. From the table, copper was the trace element with the highest content not only in the waste water sample, but also in the capture water sample. The latter may be attributed to the high residual level of this element in the environment of the former copper mine. The Pd contents in water samples were below the detection limit of the method. 2.1.3 Solid-phase extraction of metal ions from environmental samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) Duran et al.(2007) used a column packed with Amberlite XAD-2010 resin as a solid-phase extractant for the preconcentration of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) ions based on their complex formation with the sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (Na-DDTC) subjected to flame atomic absorption spectrometric (FAAS) determinations. Metal complexes sorbed on the resin were eluted by 1 mol Là ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 HNO3 in acetone. Effects of the analytical conditions for the preconcentration yields of the metal ions, such as pH, quantity of Na-DDTC, eluent type, sample volume and flow rate have been investigated. Figure 3: Effect of pH on the retention of the metal ions (n=4). (Duran et al., 2007) Figure 3 showed that the effect of the pH that had been studied in experiment. pH of samples in the range 2 to 12 by adjusting the metal solutions with buffer solutions. Cu and Co were quantitatively recovered more than 95% in the pH range from 2 to 9. Quantitative recoveries were obtained in the pH range 3 to 9 for Ni, 4 to 9 for Cd, 5 to 9 for Pb, and 7 to 9 for Mn. According to the results, the optimum pH for multi-element preconcentration of the metals was 6, except for Mn for which the value is 8. Figure 4: Effect of ligand quantity on the recoveries. (Duran et al., 2007) Figure 4 showed the determination of amount of ligand needed for preconcentration of metal ions. From the figure above, it showed the preconcentration yields of the six metal ions were 11 to 21% without chelating agent. The preconcentration yields increased with the addition of Na-DDTC. The quantitative values were obtained after 2.0 mg of Na-DDTC. As the result, 5.0 mg of Na-DDTC was chosen as optimum value for the next works. Figure 5: Effect of sample volume. (Duran et al., 2007) Figure 5 showed the determination of sample volume in order to deal with real water samples which were containing very low concentrations of the metal ions. The recoveries were found to be stable until 500mL. Thus, 500mL was chosen as the optimum sample volume to work. In this work, the final solution volume to be measured by FAAS was 5.0 mL, hence the preconcentration factors were 100 for all the six metal ions. Figure 6: Effect of flow rate on the recoveries. (Duran et al., 2007) Figure 6 showed the study of sample flow rate in the experiment. The flow rate of sample solution through the Amberlite XAD-2000 column is a very important factor. The recovery percentage increases with the reduced flow rate, causing the preconcentration time increases. In order to obtain the quantitative recovery and to reduce the preconcentration time, the effect of sample flow rate was studied in the range 2 to 40mLminà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1. 10.0mLminà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 was chosen as the sample flow rate. This flow rate is high enough to load the sample in a moderate short time and allowing metal/Na-DDTC chelates to interact with XAD-2010. Table 4: Trace metals contents of real water samples with the proposed method (n=3) Table 4 showed the determination of concentration of trace metals in real water samples with the proposed method. Six sample collection sites were determined and under optimal conditions. There was no detection of Cd in all of the six water samples. There was also no detection of Co in Solakli stream, Kisarna mineral water, Of stream water and black tea while Ni was also cannot be detection by F-AAS in the water samples such as Kisarna mineral water and Of stream water. Overall relative standard deviations for Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) ions were less than 5 %. 2.2 Sample Analysed For Determination of Heavy Metals Heavy metals can be found in various materials, not only in water samples. By performin different analytical methods, most researchers had determined the presence of heavy metals, commonly, Cd, Pb, Cr and Cu to name a few, in environmental samples which include water sample, food samples, biological samples and plastic materials as well. 2.2.1 Environmental samples Among the environmental samples that had been tested to determine trace toxic metals level are the water samples such as capture water and waste water (Gentscheva et al., 2012); river water, tap water and sea water (Chan and Teo, 2010) and sea water; soil samples heavy metals determination which carried out by Capitelli et al. (2002) in order to investigate the contents of chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. 2.2.2 Food samples Many experiments for determining heavy metal contents have been performed on food samples. Ghaedia et al. (2008) determined the presence of chromium, iron, copper, iron, nickel, cobalt and zinc in cow meat, spinach, liver and fish samples. Muà ±oz and Palmero (2004) determine the presence of cadmium, lead and copper in milk by using potentiometric stripping analysis while Tripathi et al. (1999) determined zinc, lead, copper and cadmium in human milk, milk powder and baby food. Vegetable and fruits that we usually consumed as part of our daily diet intake were also found to have trace amount of heavy metals. Radwan and Salama (2006) determined the heavy metals such as zinc, copper, cadmium and lead contents in strawberry, apples, banana, eggplant, lettuce and many more. Determination of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, nickel, lead and zinc in beverage such as tea, coffee, dairy products, fruit juices, carbonated soft drinks and wines was carried out by Onianwa et al. ( 1999) , using an air-acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. 2.2.3 Biological Samples Other than environmental samples and food samples, several researches had also been carried out to determine heavy metal contents in biological samples such as human urine and blood which are the most common tested samples for determination of heavy metals. Suleiman et al. (2008) determined the presence of cadmium, cobalt, nickel and lead in human urine,  blood and serum samples by black stones online coupled with ICP-OES. In addition, Aguiar et al.(2012) determined the presence of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, selenium, and zinc which are essential for reproduction by using ICP-MS. 2.2.4 Plastic samples The plastic samples that commonly tested to determine the heavy metal contents are the plastic toys (Omolaoye, Uzairu and Gimba, 2010); waste electrical and electronic equipment such as mobile phones (Nnoroma and Osibanjob, 2010), computer mouse, printer, keyboards, refrigerators, washing machines, personal computer and television (Onwughara et al., 2010); and small waste electrical and electronic equipment which includes plastic materials from household appliances such as vacuum cleaners, pocket calculators, video games, body care appliances, clocks and watches as well.( Dimitrakakis et al., 2009) 2.3 Permissible Limits of Heavy Metals in Waste Water Samples For every product that available in the market, there must be a limit of the substances added that will gives the details of the contents of that particular product to ensure the safety of the product to consumer. According to Environmental Quality Act (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulation 1979, the maximum contaminant level of copper, cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel in waste water are 0.20, 0.01, 0.05, 0.20 and 0.20 ppm respectively. This means that if waste water sample was found to contain either one of the heavy metals mentioned having values exceeding the maximum contaminant level, that particular waste water sample could pose health hazards and environmental pollution to human being. 2.4 Improving the Sensitivity of Heavy Metals in F-AAS Analysis High sensitivity of the analysis of the presence of heavy metals present in a waste water sample are needed to give a reliably accurate and precise result in some cases where there is only a slightly difference in the amount of heavy metals. The sensitivity of various heavy metals in F-AAS analysis can be enhanced by several methods. 2.4.1 Copper, Cadmium and Lead The sensitivity of F-AAS analysis for the detection of Cu, Cd and Pb can be enhanced by performing online sensitivity enchancement method involving the implementation of various designs of quartz tubes of slotted tube atom traps (STAT) system as published by Yaman (2005). In this technique, quartz tubes which had a 5 and 6 mm diameter and 2.3cm for an upper slot length, produced the best sensitivity as high as with the factor of 6- and 10-fold enhancement for Pb and Cd respectively. 2.4.2 Other Heavy Metals The sensitivity of F-AAS analysis for the detection of heavy metals can be increased by using pre-concentration methods such as chromatographic method, extraction method, drying and ashing method, electrochemical method and miscellaneous method published by Rottschafer, Boczkowski and Mark (1971).

William Shakespeare Essay -- Papers

William Shakespeare William Shakespeare was born in Statfordon-Avon, England in April 1564. The son of John Shakespeare a Glover and his mother Mary Arden who came of wealthy framing family. William Shakespeare was the eldest of three sons there were also four daughters, only one of his sisters out lived William. From when Shakespeare died there has been lots of books written about Shakespeare and his works. Such as Shakespeare in his Brie Lives written by Aurbery in the 17th century and Shakespeare Truth and Tradition written by Dr J. S. Smart in 1928. There have been many more but too many to list. Shakespeare grew up and developed a great sense of words and how to use them. He soon met a wife Anne Hathaway she was from a good farming family much like his mother was and soon they were married. In 1583 Anne had a baby girl Susanna and two years later she gave birth to twins Hamnet and Judith. Shakespeare they thought probably came to London because of this. Soon after he published his first text Greene’s Attack in a Groat’s-worth of Witte. There is a great gap in ...

Antisthenes Concept of Paideia :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Antisthenes' Concept of Paideia ABSTRACT: Antisthenes of Athens was an older student of Socrates who had previously studied under the Sophists. His philosophical legacy also influenced Cynic and early Stoic thought. Consequently, he has left us an interesting theory of paideia (reading, writing, and the arts) followed by an even more brief one in divine paideia, the latter consisting of learning how to grasp the tenets of reason in order to complete virtue. Once properly grasped, the pupil will never lose it since it is embedded in the heart with true belief. However, there is a danger of being confused by human learning, which may delay or obviate completing divine paideia. Nonetheless, with the help of a teacher who gives a personal example, like Socrates or the mythical Centaur Chiron, the pupil has a chance of reaching his or her goal. Through a series of myths, Antisthenes gives us the foundations of his logical and ethical theory together. Reasoning is both a way to grasp virtue and also to fortify it. Althou gh he would have chaffed under a modern university educational system, we may learn from him to value concise philosophical studies as a necessary adjunct to basic lessons in liberal arts. Antisthenes of Athens (445-360 B.C.) is remembered for being one of Socrates' older pupils. (1) In fact, he was old enough to have first studied under the sophists, before he met Socrates. (2) He thus stands straddling three important periods in the history of Greek philosophy. As a 5th century philosopher, he copied the rhetoric of Gorgias in his famous Ajax and Odysseus speeches and like the sophists, believed that virtue was teachable; surviving into the 4th century, he was taken seriously by Plato and Aristotle, composing essays in which he propounded an individual logical theory of his own; (3) and as precursor of Hellenistic Cynicism, he composed dialogues, teaching new ethical and social norms that resurfaced after his death in the teaching of Diogenes of Sinope and the Stoa. (4) In this paper, I would like to examine some aspects of Antisthenes' educational theory and his concept of paideia. In at least one of his lost Hercules dialogues, Antisthenes seems to have described Hercules' visit to the Centaur Chiron and subsequently to the Titan Prometheus. (5) Both these episodes ascribe to Hercules a different type of paideia. The first episode is often connected with a the mythological theme of Chiron's school, where the just Centaur was said to have taught heroes and demi-gods various branches of paideia:

The Hardships of a New Nation :: essays research papers

There were many hardships in the begining of America within the government, domestically, and with foreign policy. Mostly between the years of 1789 - 1824. These are some of the topics I will be explaining. Judiciary Act of 1789, Whiskey Rebellion, Alien and Sedition Acts, Luisianna Purchase, Missurri Compromise, and the 12th Amendment. Domestically there were problems/hardhips as a new country. But the Judiciary Act of 1789 helped that problem out a lot, it answered critical questions, creating judicial structure and that has remained essentially intact. It provided for a supreme court consisting of a Cheif Justice and five associate justices. It also set up three federal circuit courts and thirteen federal district courts throughout thee country. During Washingtons second term, congress had passed a protective tariff, an important tax on goods produced in europe. Most whiskey producers were small fronteir farmers. Their major crop was corn. The farmers distilled the corn into whiskey which could be more easily sent to the market on the backs of mules. In 1794 the farmers refused to pay the tax and Hamilton looked upon the whikey rebellion as an opportunity to show that the govt. could enforce a law along the wetern frontier. Alien and Sedition Acts and the Luisiana Purchase were harships within the foriegn policy part of our new nation. The alien acts raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from five years to fourteen years and allowed the president to deport or jail any alien uconsidered undesirable. The seditiona act set fines and jail terms for anyone expressing opinions considered damaging to the government. With the Luisiana Purchase which included all the land drained by the western tributaries of the Mississippi River the size of the United States more than doubled. Jefferson who wanted to simplify and decentralize the government, had instead expanded the power of the presidency and the central government. he last thing I wil be discussing will be the harships we faced in our Government as a new nation. Like the Missouri Compromise.

American history Empire, War, and propaganda

Japanese and Chinese cultures have many similarities owing to the fact that the latter has exerted a major cultural influence on the former. As is mentioned in the De Bary’s book on Japanese tradition, the Japanese started recording their after they had contact with the Chinese. In fact the earliest existence of Japan is in the Chinese Dynastic histories around the 1stCentury BCE, written by Chinese historians who were known to compile fairly reliable accounts of their present day world (p.  3, 4).The native accounts of Japanese were written around the 8th century CE, by which time the Japanese were already heavily influenced by the Chinese traditions. Hence, there are a lot of cultural similarities between the two countries. This paper compares and contrasts the two cultures with respect to their religion, tradition, literature and philosophies. Traditions and Philosophies in China and Japan Chinese Chinese philosophy and religion seems to begin with Confucius and his teach ings.While there are certain records which are supposed to pre-date Confucius, according to De Bary in his book on Chinese Tradition these works are suspected to be compiled after the time of Confucius (p. 1). The traditional history consists of many semi-divine culture heroes who supposedly were responsible for bringing civilization among the people of China. These were followed by three rulers of exceptional wisdom – Yao, Shun and Yu, as is mentioned in the books by De Bary on Chinese Tradition (p. 2).However, the most famous of the Chinese religion and Philosophy is of course the teaching of Confucius who adopted the teachings and examples of these rulers in his teachings. In fact according to De Bary the life of Chinese for the past 2000 years can be characterized in a word to be Confucian. The second most important and influential native philosophy of Chinese is more religious in nature and is known as Taoism. Many of the present day philosophers comment that the two phi losophies complement each other.While Confucianism concerns itself with the social responsibilities and human aspects of life, Taoism contends itself with a spiritual outlook towards life. De Bary mentions that these two philosophies give two different aspects of an individual – one that is related to his work and responsibilities and the other which is related to his spiritual side (p. 48). The work of Confucius was further refined to make it a more moralistic and righteous, such that people were honor bound to fulfill their duties and responsibilities.These were other philosophies at work in China. One of these was Legalism which was proposed by Shang Yang and is considered to be yet another classical school of thought in China. The theory however was explained in detail by Han Fei, who is considered as the father of this philosophy. De Bary says that growth of this philosophy was due to a need for a more rational organization for society than the traditional feudalistic sy stem, which had started to disintegrate even during the Confucian period (p. 122).Legalism was inherent in the Han Empire and was made palatable by adopting Confucianism as the state ideology. As will be seen in the section below Legalism combined with Confucianism was one of the philosophies that was widely accepted and followed in Japan after they decided to abandon their clan-based society for a more rational one. Japanese Prior to Chinese influence, Japan consisted of a number of tribes ruled by individual kings. These tribes were supposedly from many different parts of Asia including Korea and proceeded to settle in the Japanese islands.While the early traditional influences of Japanese people remain obscure, Chinese writings mention Japanese people as performing sun worship, which might account for the name of the country. These writings also mention the people as being honest, polite, displaying gentleness in peace and bravery in war, love for liquor and mountains and religio us rites of purification and divination as is mentioned by De Bary in his book on Japanese tradition (p. 5). This type of nature worship was the oldest type of religion found in Japan and was known as Shintoism.As the tribes began to exert their sphere of influence, they turned towards the Chinese philosophies and examples for both political and cultural guidance. Hence, the Japanese culture is very closely intertwined with the Chinese culture, and it is not the other way round. De Bary mentions that many of the imperial edicts issued during the Great Reform period which began in the 645 CE consisted of Chinese based administration systems (p. 63). For instance the old political system which was based on tribal clans was changed to the Chinese system of systematic territorial administration.Also there was an attempt to abolish private property, nationalize the land and redistribute it based on the family size which was the system followed in China. De Bary says that these systems we re so meticulously followed that the records that have been found of this period are almost identical to those found in China (p. 64). However, the influence exerted by the Chinese on Japanese traditions was not just political during this period. As is already mentioned above, Chinese life has been mostly influenced by the teachings of Confucius.Needless to say these traditions were adopted by Japanese also and formed one of the integral parts of study for the scholars during the period. However, these teachings cannot be found in their original formed as debaryhas confirmed in his books (p. 69). There have been many changes because the people tended to imbibe their existing religion and philosophies with those of the new order proposed by the Chinese philosophers during that period. Buddhism in China and Japan Chinese Buddhism came to China via India in the first century AD, where the religion originated.Buddhism came divided into a number of sects, said to be eighteen in number be fore it came to China. When Buddhism entered China some of these sects were introduced and assumed newer forms under the Chinese influence. In addition Chinese themselves developed many strong sects. Initially when it came to Japan Buddhism encountered stiff opposition and remained a foreign religion for over two centuries after which it started getting accepted. The problem as is told by De Bary was that the Chinese did not know about the sectarian nature of Buddhism, and considered whatever words were written to be the words of Buddha.This resulted in confusion due to the many contradictory statements of various sects. Mahayana Buddhism or the Greater Vehicle took on a Chinese character and evolved into several schools such as Tien-Ttai, Hua-yuen, Pre Land and Chan Japanese Buddhism is one of the major religions practiced in both China and Japan. The religion was introduced to Japan in the 7thcentury AD. The most popular types of Buddhism followed here were Pure Land and Zen Buddh ism, a offshoot of Chan Buddhism (p. 120). In Japan, Buddhism became closely intertwined with the principles of Shinto.This was initially done to make the religion more acceptable to the local public. The first clear indication of a merger between Shinto principles and Buddhism according to De Bary was in the middle of Nara period which was more than 200 years after the religion was introduced in the country. De Bary further states that the mutual relationship of the Buddhism with the Shinto developed and by the Kamakura period there existed detailed explanations of Shinto gods as the concrete manifestations of Buddhist deities (p.121). Here, the Buddhism and its various rites differ from the Chinese versions because there are no such deities present in the Chinese versions, where the Buddhism was based primarily on the Taoist principles of the beauty of nature and relation between Buddhism with the various environmental issues. Literature influence The influence of Chinese literatu re in Japanese culture is clearly evident by the fact that Japanese follow the Chinese pictographic script in writing.The reason for this is mentioned by De Bary in his book where he says that the Chinese way of philosophy and political code was adopted directly by the Japanese rulers. An understanding of the corresponding script was hence considered to be necessary and such a script was considered to be a must for being considered as a scholar whether literal or political (p. 48). However, the Chinese script being very difficult to its pictographic nature had to be simplified when it was adopted by the common man. Hence, the Japanese also have sound based writing system which is not present in the Chinese script.Political influence Chinese influence can be seen in almost every aspect of Japanese life. On the political side De Bary gives the example of the Imperial rule which is sometimes called Tennoism. This type of imperial rules gives the ruling family a divine status. In Japane se society, this translated to the ruling family having an unbroken tie with the Sun Goddess who was the primary deity worshiped by the Japanese people. The chief difference between the Chinese and Japanese ruling systems was that the former was merit based while the later was hereditary in nature.The Chinese rulers were theoretically subjected to the criteria of merit and rulers or dynasties could forfeit the mandate to rule if they did not live up to them. This principle was absent in case of Japanese ruling family, which was primarily governed by the hereditary principle and the merit principle did not apply at all to the ruling family (p. 69) Conclusion As has been already mentioned above, the Chinese and Japanese traditions and cultures are closely inter related due to the strong influence the former had in the development of the latter.The cultural vein has flowed from Chinese to the Japanese people, which included the spread of Buddhism in the country. The principles were no doubt changed according to the dictates of the society, but the binding ties can be clearly seen between the cultured of the two countries. Works Cited De Bary WT (2001), Sources of Japanese Tradition, 2nd Edition, Columbia University Press, West Sussex De Bary WT (1960), Sources of Japanese Tradition Vol. 1, Columbia University Press, West Sussex

Compare and Contrast Two Works of Art

Anthony Arteaga Art History Ancient World Homework Assignment #1 Compare and contrast the subject, concept, and the Formal Element of the two works of art. Also, explain which category this work falls in. The two pieces I have chosen can be found on page 200, figure 6-51, Battle of Centaurs and Wild Beasts from Hadrian’s Villa and on page 434, figure 14-8, Battle of the Bird and Serpent. Not only did I choose these pieces for their beauty, but also because both works have similar yet different subjects, concepts, and formal elements. Both of these images have subject matter that is the same even though they’re different.The subjects for the Battle of Centaurs and Wild Beasts from Hadrian’s Villa are animals; centaurs (male and female), tiger, lion, cheetah; as well as a pelt and rocky scenery. The subjects for Battle of the Bird and the Serpent are animals; peacock, a serpent, and birds in an acorn tree. Both pieces are nature based animals that live in a world w here survival of the fittest is reality. The main difference between piece one and two is that in piece one; centaurs are mythological creatures and in piece two the animals are not fictional.Both pieces have subjects that are the same; however their concepts can be perceived as similar but different. Both pieces have themes that can be perceived as alike. The first image is a male centaur raising a boulder over his head to crush a tiger that has severely wounded a female centaur. The pelt around his arm suggests he returned from a hunting expedition to find his loved one, either lover or sibling, critically wounded by three other beasts and his facial expression is that of concern, instead of rage or fury. The concepts in this battle scene are protection, rescue, vengeance, self-defense, and/or survival.I use the word survival because the three feline beasts are animals that need to eat as well. They need to eat like all animals and if there is no prey, then there is no food to sur vive. The second piece is a peacock holding a dead serpent in its beak. The concepts in this piece are battle, victory, triumph, and dominance, when one creature overcomes another. Our textbook says that this scene is an allegory for Christ (peacock) tricking and overcoming Satan (serpent). The peacock has an expression of being removed to the outcome of the battle. Even though both pieces are about battle and bloodshed; there are differences in the concept.In the first piece the male centaur is the favored winner of the fight, because of his size, blunt weapon, and his element of surprise. But regardless the outcome, he already lost when the female centaur was killed. Whether he kills or is killed by the remaining felines, the female is gone and he can’t bring her back. Unlike the second piece where there is an established winner and loser. Now that I’ve discussed the concepts of these two pieces, I’d like to talk about their formal elements. The formal element s are certain elements that are used to describe the subject or image.The elements are shape, texture, line, color, space, and values. The shapes in piece one can be found in the background as geometric shapes. There is a triangular stone in one corner and a flat rectangular stone in the opposite corner. A cheetah is mounted on a cube, ready to pounce. The boulder the centaur holds over his head is rectangular block. The scenery is mostly rigid shapes but the subjects have curves in their tails and muscle tone. The shapes in the second piece can vary. In the peacocks wing, body, thigh, and tail you can see a closed tear- drop shape.There is a row of white circles on the bird’s neck and two rows of white circles on its wing. The tail has a leaf pattern that matches the leaves on the acorn tree. The serpent has a circular pattern on its belly and a scaly pattern on its backside. There are geometric shapes in both pieces; however, the geometric shapes are primarily secluded to t he background in piece one and is inside the subject’s body in piece two. In piece two, the shape in the peacock’s tail and snake’s body is organic. Also, the shapes in the background are fuzzier and assumed in piece one where the shapes in piece two are sharper and more defined.Another formal element is texture. The first piece, according to the text, is a floor mosaic which is composed of many colored tesserae that were laid down in irregular, curving lines, which effectively imitated painted brushstrokes. The individual tiles are more apparent when viewed closely. This gives the piece a grainy and earthy texture, where it physically looks bumpy. The textbook says it has foreshortening, the illusion created on a flat surface in which figures and objects appear to recede or project sharply into space.The second piece was drawn with tempera on parchment. This makes the piece look smooth, flat, and two dimensional. The next element is color. The hues in both piec es are relatively earth toned. Both pieces have a low level of saturation. In piece one, the sky is mustard brown with a section of mint green that frames the boulder that the male centaur is holding. The rocky scenery has browns and creams with a dull green and brown center. A bright green patch of pine trees is in the corner that contrasts with the sky and rocks.The colors to the second piece are similar in the sense that it has low saturation. The colors are dull and warm. This piece utilizes reds and oranges, in the serpent, that the first piece does not. Because of the tan background, the green in the peacock’s body emboldens the subject. The brown around its tail compliment the blue inside the tail. Lines are another element that’s used. The lines in the first piece, which are made of many tiny lines and squares, are jagged and sharp. The sky and earth are divided by a jagged rocky background and the same can be said about the foreground.This creates a stage for the battle. There are jagged lines in the sky that frames the boulder being held. This piece has no physical lines that separate the body and background, which makes it look three dimensional. In the second piece, the acorn tree is a line (with branches) that adds to the images depth. There are lines inside the wing, beak, and talons. There is also a dividing line in both the serpent and in the body of the peacock. The physical lines in this piece separate the subjects and background making it look two dimensional and flat.Both pieces use lines to accentuate the subjects but the first piece has lines that are realistic and the second piece uses lines as borders for the subjects which makes it look more animated and less real. The next element that artists will use is space. The first piece has a female centaur lying on the ground with a tiger sprawled over her back end. Male centaur is looming over tiger with the dead lion behind him, both their legs overlapping, which also creates a three dimensional effect. A cheetah is on a cube in the background ready to pounce. The jagged foreground creates an illusion of a cliffs edge.In the second piece, the acorn tree is crucial for establishing where the subject lies, giving it it’s depth. The serpent is hanging from the peacock’s beak and coils beneath the bird. If the acorn tree was gone then the snake would appear to be free falling in empty space. Both pieces have uses depth, but the first piece appears to be more three dimensional where the second piece appears flat. The final element artists will use is value. The first piece has a dark to light value in the rocky scenery and in the shading in the animals, which also adds to its three dimensions.The second piece has a dark subject value and light background which contrasts each other. The body of the peacock has a darker green hue but is uniform; there is no change in value in the subject. Both pieces have a dark to light value, but the first piece has variation of shades from one side of the piece to the other and within the subjects themselves. The second piece has dark subjects and a light background. Now that we’ve discussed the formal elements, the last topic is which category these two pieces are classified as.Certain works of art can be classified as representational, abstraction, and non-objective. The first piece is representational with an abstract background. Because of its hues, shapes, and shading; the subjects are portrayed as three dimensional and proportional. Even though a centaur is fictional, it still looks realistic. However, the background’s contours and colors are vague making it more abstract. The second piece is abstraction because of its flat appearance, its bold colors, and the shape of the subject’s eyes, wings, and tail.The patterns in and around the tail and in the body also adds to its abstraction. The tree in the foreground does not look natural and the birds on the branches are unrealistic. I’ve compared and contrasted the subjects, concepts, and the Formal Elements of two works of art. Also, I explained which category this work falls in. The two pieces I chose is Battle of Centaurs and Wild Beasts from Hadrian’s Villa and Battle of the Bird and Serpent. Both of these pieces have subject matter that can be compared similarly even though they’re different.